what measures are used to calculate the percent by volume of a solution

Per centum (%) Solutions Calculator

Meant to be used in both the teaching and research laboratory, this reckoner (run into below) can be utilized to perform a number of different calculations for preparing percentage (%) solutions when starting with the solid or liquid fabric. It is very common to express the concentration of solutions in terms of percentages. Per centum means per 100 parts, where for solutions, role refers to a mensurate of mass (μg, mg, g, kg, etc.) or volume (μL, mL, L, etc.). In per centum solutions, the amount (weight or book) of a solute is expressed equally a percentage of the total solution weight or book. Percent solutions tin accept the form of weight/volume % (wt/vol % or w/v %), weight/weight % (wt/wt % or w/w %), or volume/volume % (vol/vol % or five/v %). In each case, the percentage concentration is calculated equally the fraction of the weight or volume of the solute related to the total weight or volume of the solution.

Considering percent solutions tin can be expressed in three different means, it is imperative that the type of per centum solution be explicitly stated. If this data is not provided, the end user is left to "guess" whether w/v %, west/westward %, or 5/v % was used. Each percent solution is appropriate for a number of different applications. For example, commercial aqueous reagents, such equally concentrated acids and bases, are typically expressed as weight/weight % solutions. For instance, commercially available full-bodied hydrochloric acid (HCl) is 37% by weight (w/w %). On the other manus, many dilute solutions used for biological enquiry are expressed as weight/volume % (e.g., i% sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). Volume/volume % solutes are also mutual, and are used when pure solutes in liquid form are used. For instance, a lxx % (five/v) solution of ethanol can be prepared by dissolving seventy mL of 100% (i.eastward., 200 proof) ethanol in a full solution volume of 100 mL.

Other factors may besides exist important when deciding on the type of percent solution to gear up. For example, if the pct solution under consideration is to exist used at widely unlike temperatures, then it is meliorate to prepare the solution as a weight/weight % solution because its concentration would exist independent of variations in ambient temperature.

An important note is in order. Here, we take used "weight" instead of "mass" simply to be consequent with tradition and popular use. Thus, weight/volume % solutions should be correctly referred to equally mass/book %. Similarly, weight/weight % solutions should be referred to every bit mass/mass %, or simply mass %.

Percent solution equations

As noted to a higher place, weight refers to mass (i.east., measured on a balance). When examining the equation for each of the percent solutions higher up, it is very important to note that in all cases the denominator refers to the solution mass or volume and non but the solvent mass or volume. Thus, solution mass is the combined mass of solute and solvent, and solution book is the combined volume of solute and solvent.

A final note is necessary when considering volume/volume % solutions. When dissimilar volumes of an identical solution are added together, the terminal volume will e'er exist exactly the sum of the private portions added. For example, adding 50 mL of water to 50 mL of water will result in a total book of 100 mL, and adding 75 mL of 100% ethanol to 75 mL of 100% ethanol will result in a total volume of 150 mL. However, when mixing miscible liquids (such as water and ethanol), the final volume of solution is not exactly equal to the sum of the individual volumes. For example, adding 50 mL of ethanol to 50 mL of water will result in a full book that is less than 100 mL. Information technology is actually closer to 96 mL. Therefore, when preparing book/volume percent solutions, it is always better to dissolve the solute in solvent and then add additional solvent to bring the total solution book to the desired last value.

Percentage Solution Calculator

Each calculator cell shown below corresponds to a term in the formula presented above. Enter appropriate values in all cells except the 1 yous wish to calculate. Therefore, at least two cells must accept values, and no more than than ane cell may exist blank. The value of the blank jail cell will be calculated based on the other values entered. Later on a adding is performed, the calculated prison cell will be highlighted and subsequent calculations will calculate the value of the highlighted cell (with no requirement to take a bare jail cell). However, a bare prison cell has priority over a highlighted cell.

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Posted: Sabbatum, October v, 2013

Last updated: Saturday, December 23, 2017

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Source: https://www.physiologyweb.com/calculators/percent_solutions_calculator.html